Novel circulating- and imaging-based biomarkers to enhance the mechanistic understanding of human drug induced liver injury

List of abbreviations: AALF: APAP-induced acute liver failure; Acs: acylcarnitines; ALD: alcoholic liver disease; ALF: acute liver failure; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; APAP: acetaminophen (or paracetamol); cK18: caspase-cleaved keratin-18; CSF1: colony stimulating factor 1; DAMP: damage associated molecular pattern; DILI: drug-induced liver injury; FDA: US Food and Drug Administration; FL K18: full length keratin-18; GBCA: gadolinium-based contrast agents; GLDH: glutamate dehydrogenase; GSH: glutathione; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HDE: hepatocyte-derived exosomes; HMGB1: high mobility group box protein 1; ICG: indocyanine green; IDILI: idiosyncratic DILI; IL: interleukin; K18: keratin-18; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; miRNA: microRNA; miR-122: microRNA-122-5p; MSOT:multispectral optoacoustic tomography; mtDNA:mitochondrial DNA; NAPQI: N-acetyl-p-benzoquinonimine; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; nDNA: nuclear DNA; POC: point-of-care; PSTC: Predictive Safety Testing Consortium; RAGE: receptor for advanced glycation end products; ROC-AUC: receiver operator characteristic-area under the curve; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SAFE-T: Safer and Faster Evidence-based Translation; TBL: total bilirubin; TLR: Toll-like receptors